What is Barrett's esophagus?

Barrett's esophagus is defined as a condition characterized by columnar cell metaplasia, which occurs when the squamous cells lining the esophagus are replaced by columnar cells, typically found in the intestinal lining. This change is a response to chronic irritation, often due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The metaplastic transformation is significant because it can increase the risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, a type of cancer.

This condition is an important clinical finding and is usually diagnosed through endoscopic examination and biopsy. Patients with Barrett's esophagus may often present with symptoms similar to GERD, such as heartburn or difficulty swallowing, but the underlying cellular change is what defines the condition.

The other options refer to distinct medical issues that do not accurately describe Barrett's esophagus. For example, a bacterial infection, a benign tumor, or a genetic disorder related to swallowing are unrelated to the metaplastic changes occurring in Barrett's esophagus. Recognizing the specific nature of Barrett's esophagus is crucial for understanding its implications for esophageal health and the potential progression to more serious conditions.